Simultaneous Right and Left Heart Real-Time, Free-Breathing CMR Flow Quantification Identifies Constrictive Physiology
Paaladinesh Thavendiranathan, MD, MSc*,
David Verhaert, MD*,
Michael C. Walls, MD*,
Jacob A. Bender, MS*,
Sanjay Rajagopalan, MD*,
Yiu-Cho Chung, PhD ,
Orlando P. Simonetti, PhD*,
Subha V. Raman, MD, MSEE*,*
* The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
Siemens Healthcare, Columbus, Ohio
*
Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. Subha V. Raman, The Ohio State University, 473 West 12th Avenue, Suite 200, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (Email: raman.1{at}osu.edu).
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of a novel cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) real-time phase contrast (RT-PC) flow measurement technique to reveal the discordant respirophasic changes in mitral and tricuspid valve in flow indicative of the abnormal hemodynamics seen in constrictive pericarditis (CP).
Background: Definitive diagnosis of CP requires identification of constrictive hemodynamics with or without pericardial thickening. CMR to date has primarily provided morphological assessment of the pericardium.
Methods: Sixteen patients (age 57 ± 13 years) undergoing CMR to assess known or suspected CP and 10 controls underwent RT-PC that acquired simultaneous mitral valve and tricuspid valve inflow velocities over 10 s of unrestricted breathing. The diagnosis of CP was confirmed via clinical history, diagnostic imaging, cardiac catheterization, intraoperative findings, and histopathology.
Results: Ten patients had CP, all with increased pericardial thickness (6.2 ± 1.0 mm). RT-PC imaging demonstrated discordant respirophasic changes in atrioventricular valve inflow velocities in all CP patients, with mean ± SD mitral valve and tricuspid valve inflow velocity variation of 46 ± 20% and 60 ± 15%, respectively, compared with 16 ± 8% and 24 ± 11% in patients without CP (p < 0.004 vs. patients with CP for both) and 17 ± 5% and 31 ± 13% in controls (p < 0.001 vs. patients with CP for both). There was no difference in atrioventricular valve inflow velocity variation between patients without CP compared with controls (p > 0.3 for both). Respiratory variation exceeding 25% across the mitral valve yielded a sensitivity of 100%, a specificity of 100%, and an area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve of 1.0 to detect CP physiology. Using a cutoff of 45%, variation of transtricuspid valve velocity had a sensitivity of 90%, a specificity of 88%, and an area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve of 0.98.
Conclusions: Accentuated and discordant respirophasic changes in mitral valve and tricuspid valve inflow velocities characteristic of CP can be identified noninvasively with RT-PC CMR. When incorporated into existing CMR protocols for imaging pericardial morphology, RT-PC CMR provides important hemodynamic evidence with which to make a definite diagnosis of CP.
Key Words: cardiac magnetic resonance • constrictive pericarditis • pericardial disease
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Abbreviations and Acronyms
| | CMR = cardiac magnetic resonance | | CP = constrictive pericarditis | | CT = computed tomography | | IVC = inferior vena cava | | MV = mitral valve | | ROI = region of interest | | RT-PC = real-time phase contrast | | TTE = transthoracic echocardiography | | TV = tricuspid valve |
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